Appendix G — Provisional Engineering Data

NOT FOR LIFE-SAFETY DECISIONS. This appendix is a navigation aid, not a pressure-vessel, medical, toxicological, explosive, electrical, reactor, or construction standard. Values are useful only with their stated conditions. Qualified specialists and current codes, standards, clinical guidance, and tested local procedures govern high-consequence work.

G.0 Status Labels

Status	Meaning
REFERENCE	Stable textbook value with a stated physical or chemical definition
CONDITIONAL	Useful only under named material, process, or operating conditions
PLANNING	Editorial scenario or threshold, not a physical constant
VERIFY	Retained as a research lead; source/date/uncertainty audit still required
CONTESTED	Material disagreement exists and must be represented as a range or debate

No value becomes life-safety guidance merely because it appears in this appendix.

G.1 Temperature Reference

Figure G.1. Selected process and material temperatures are approximate references, not a calibrated pyrometer or a linear heat-treatment schedule.

Value	Context and limitation	Status	Ch
232 °C	Melting point of pure tin; solders and pewters melt lower or over a range	REFERENCE	10
≈260 °C	Approximate ignition temperature of char-cloth tinder; a fire piston's compressed air runs far hotter, and actual ignition depends on cylinder, compression ratio, humidity, and loss	CONDITIONAL	1
250–400 °C	Historic ranges for heat treatment of some cherts; mineral-specific	CONTESTED	2
300–350 °C	One historical range for low-temperature charcoal used in gunpowder; not a universal fuel specification	VERIFY	21
327 °C	Melting point of pure lead — one reason lead smelts in simple hearths; fume and dust are poisonous well below it	REFERENCE	10
≈600 °C	Approximate onset of visible dull red; clay hardening is a process range, not a point	CONDITIONAL	5
63 °C/30 min or 72 °C/15 s	Representative low-temperature and HTST pasteurisation examples; exact time/temperature depends on product and authority	CONDITIONAL	30
≈730–770 °C	Approximate transformation range for low-alloy steel; composition-dependent. Do not confuse transformation with Curie temperature	CONDITIONAL	14
≈800–1,000 °C	Many earthenware processes; body and atmosphere determine result	CONDITIONAL	5
≈900 °C	Lime calcination equilibrium depends strongly on CO₂ partial pressure and pressure system	CONDITIONAL	17
907 °C	Boiling point of zinc at atmospheric pressure, below the temperature needed to reduce its ore — why zinc leaves an ordinary furnace as vapour	REFERENCE	10
1,085 °C	Melting point of pure copper; alloying and pressure change process behaviour	REFERENCE	10
1,100–1,250 °C	Typical bloomery operating region; furnace and charge determine iron/slag chemistry	CONDITIONAL	14
≈1,250–1,400 °C	Common welding/forging heat region; appearance and geometry are poor controls	CONDITIONAL	14
1,414 °C	Silicon melting point	REFERENCE	35
≈1,450 °C	Typical Portland-cement clinker zone; composition and process vary	CONDITIONAL	27
1,538 °C	Melting point of pure iron; steel and impurities alter behaviour	REFERENCE	22
≈1,700 °C+	Incandescent filament operating temperature; material and life trade-off vary	CONDITIONAL	26
several thousand °C	Arc and plasma temperatures vary with electrode, current, gas, and diagnostic method	CONDITIONAL	26

G.2 Compositions, Ratios, and Process Windows

Item	Value and required conditions	Status	Ch
Black powder	Common historical formulation near 75 KNO₃ : 15 charcoal : 10 sulfur by mass; performance and safety depend on materials, grain, moisture, density, and age	CONDITIONAL	21
Lime mortar	Frequently described near 1 volume slaked lime : 3 volume sand, but grading, lime class, sand, exposure, and binder vary	CONDITIONAL	17
Concrete water/cement	Lower ratios generally improve strength/durability when materials and curing suit them; no single value fits every mix. Use a qualified mix design and test regime	CONDITIONAL	27
Type metal	Historical Pb–Sn–Sb mixtures vary; approximate ranges are Pb 55–85, Sb 10–28, Sn 3–15 with impurities balance. Foundry type near Pb 60 / Sb 25 / Sn 13 is one recipe, not a universal formula	CONTESTED	18
Bronze	Many structural/copper-tin alloys fall around 88–92% Cu and 8–12% Sn, but purpose and standard vary	CONDITIONAL	10
Brass	Common casting and machining brasses run roughly 20–40 % zinc, balance copper; lead and other additions vary by standard	CONDITIONAL	10
Pattern shrinkage	About 1 % for grey cast iron and roughly 1.5–2 % for brass and steel; section size, alloy, and mould restraint change it	CONDITIONAL	22
Stainless passive range	≈10.5% Cr is associated with the conventional “stainless” threshold; exact corrosion performance depends on alloy and environment	CONDITIONAL	27
Chlorine residual	Dose/contact targets are site- and organism-specific; pH, temperature, turbidity, demand, distribution, and validated assay control	CONDITIONAL	30
Grain storage	Safe equilibrium moisture changes by cereal, temperature, storage time, and available technology; ~12–14% is a common wheat-range rule, not a universal limit	CONDITIONAL	7
Hay	≤18% moisture is a traditional rule; bale, species, storage, and local testing matter	VERIFY	8
ORS	Use a complete current WHO or national formulation; common low-osmolarity solutions contain specified glucose and multiple electrolytes. Do not improvise from sugar and table salt	VERIFY	30
Haber–Bosch	Modern plants vary widely; representative early conditions are high pressure, iron catalyst, and several hundred °C with product gas continuously removed and recycled	CONDITIONAL	32
Bloomery commissioning	No universal charge or airflow. The former worked case is retained only as a professionally supervised example pending source and independent engineering review	VERIFY	14
Photolithography	Resist thickness, dose, development, etch rate, and feature geometry are process-specific; the former generic recipe has been withdrawn from the core manual	VERIFY	35

G.3 Power, Energy, and Motion

Quantity	Value / relation	Status	Ch
Human sustained power	Often estimated around 0.07–0.10 kW over long work periods; task and duration matter	CONDITIONAL	8
Draft-animal power	Ox and horse figures vary with speed, duration, terrain, harness, animal, and work cycle	CONDITIONAL	8
Fuelwood demand	~5–10 kg dry wood per person per day for temperate cooking and heating; managed coppice yields ~5–10 m³/ha/yr, so 100 people need on the order of 50–100 ha in rotation. Charcoal at 10–15 % yield multiplies wood demand 7–10×	PLANNING	1
Water power	`P = ρQghη`; at 1 m³/s and 3 m, raw hydraulic power is about 29.4 kW before efficiency and losses	REFERENCE	16
Mechanical equivalent of heat	1 calorie ≈ 4.19 J (thermochemical calorie 4.184 J); the basis of every heat–work energy ledger	REFERENCE	20
Young's modulus	Steel ≈200 GPa; concrete ≈25–40 GPa; structural timber along the grain ≈10 GPa; grade, moisture, and age change it	CONDITIONAL	27
Steam power	Work and fuel depend on cycle, pressure, expansion, exhaust pressure, boiler efficiency, mechanical efficiency, and measured output. No universal reference engine dimensions apply	REFERENCE	23
Rocket mass ratio	`R = exp(Δv/ve)` for one ideal stage; at Δv=9.4 km/s, approximate ratios are 37, 17, 14, and 8.5 for ve=2.6, 3.3, 3.6, and 4.4 km/s	REFERENCE	39
Betz limit	16/27 ≈59.3% maximum wind extraction for an ideal horizontal-axis turbine in undisturbed flow	REFERENCE	43
Pumped-hydro round trip	Commonly about 70–85%, strongly dependent on project and cycle	CONDITIONAL	43
Hydrogen round trip	Electrolyser, storage, and fuel-cell losses commonly yield roughly 25–45%; boundaries matter	CONDITIONAL	43
Ethanol fuel energy	About two-thirds of petrol's energy per litre; water content and blend change it	CONDITIONAL	29
Biogas	Roughly 50–70 % methane by volume; feedstock, temperature, and digester design determine yield and composition	CONDITIONAL	43
PV degradation	Typical crystalline-silicon modules lose about 0.5 % of output per year; technology, climate, and manufacturing quality vary	VERIFY	43
Aluminium primary smelting	Roughly 13–15 kWh/kg is a representative industry-scale value; energy source and technology vary	VERIFY	38
Fission energy release	About 200 MeV per fission event, with recoverable heat lower after losses	REFERENCE	37
Solar learning rate	Reported rates vary widely by period and product; some series are near 15–25% per cumulative doubling	CONTESTED	43
Abundance price	`$0.03/kWh` is one planning scenario, not a physical threshold or definition of abundance	PLANNING	43

G.4 Health and Food

Quantity	Required context	Status	Ch
Semmelweis-era mortality change	Historical ward comparisons are affected by baseline, case mix, handwashing, chlorinated lime, and other changes	CONTESTED	30
Agriculture support ratio	Ch 7 derives ~2–4 people per rain-fed hectare from stated assumptions (0.7–1.5 t/ha, 250 kg grain/person/yr, 25 % seed and storage loss); crop, soil, climate, mechanisation, diet, and irrigation change it	CONTESTED	7
Green Revolution yield	Ranges differ by crop, year, irrigation, seed, fertiliser, and whether “traditional” is a short baseline	CONTESTED	32
Synthetic nitrogen	Roughly half of current human food nitrogen fixation is associated with industrial processes; the denominator and year matter	VERIFY	32
Medical dashboard	Report maternal, neonatal, and under-five mortality separately with coverage, cause, access, and system data; no universal combined `<1%` gate	PLANNING	31
Vaccine cold chain	Product-specific ranges from frozen to 2–8 °C; excursions require product-specific stability and disposition evidence	VERIFY	31
Radiation dose limits	ICRP: occupational 20 mSv/yr averaged over 5 years; public 1 mSv/yr from planned practices; natural background ≈2–3 mSv/yr worldwide. National regulation governs	REFERENCE	37
Household boiling	Rolling boil for at least 1 minute, longer at high altitude, per current public-health guidance; does not remove chemical contamination	CONDITIONAL	30
Solar disinfection	Clear bottles of low-turbidity water, at least 6 h of full sun or 2 days under heavy cloud; container and turbidity limits apply	CONDITIONAL	30
Burn cooling	Cool running water for about 20 minutes as early as possible, per current first-aid guidance	CONDITIONAL	6
Birth spacing	Intervals of two years or more between births are associated with better maternal and child survival	CONDITIONAL	6
Historical maternal mortality	Pre-modern records commonly show several to more than ten maternal deaths per 1,000 births; place, period, and recording vary widely	CONTESTED	6

G.5 Process and Statistical Discipline

Rule	Correct use	Status	Ch
`1/√N`	Standard error of a mean falls as `1/√N` only for independent, approximately stable, identically distributed noise; correlations and drift break the assumption	REFERENCE	20
`I²R`	Electrical loss in a conductor grows with current squared; line design trades current, voltage, conductor, and distance	REFERENCE	26
N-1 planning	A credible single contingency should not cause unacceptable failure; common-cause and cascade risks remain	CONDITIONAL	43
Antibiotic stewardship	Right indication, agent, dose, route, and evidence-based duration; not “always complete the course”	REFERENCE	31
Capability index	`C_p` and related indices require a stable process, appropriate distribution, rational sampling, and specification limits	CONDITIONAL	15, 47
X̄–R chart	Use n=5 only as a teaching subgroup; constants apply to that subgroup. Baseline 20–25 points is a common starting practice, not universal	CONDITIONAL	47
I-MR chart	For one value per period (one smelt, one weekly fuel-per-ton figure): individuals limits X̄ ± 2.66 × MR̄, moving-range upper limit 3.267 × MR̄; attribute data use p- or c-charts instead	CONDITIONAL	47
Limit gauges	Gauge uncertainty/tolerance allocation requires a real metrology budget; 10% is an example, not a law	CONDITIONAL	15
ISO cleanroom	Class 7 room and Class 5 bench describe particle-count performance under a defined test; they do not by themselves guarantee yield or safety	REFERENCE	35
Interface standardisation	Containers, threads, rails, electrical connectors, and similar interfaces gain value only when the entire chain adopts compatible standards	REFERENCE	47
Knot strength loss	Most knots cut a rope's breaking strength by roughly 20–50 % at the knot; knot, fibre, and loading vary	CONDITIONAL	3
Lead-acid state of charge	Electrolyte specific gravity ≈1.26–1.28 charged to ≈1.10–1.12 discharged for common flooded designs; follow the maker's figures	CONDITIONAL	26
Timber seasoning	Traditional rule of about one year of covered air-drying per 25 mm thickness; species, climate, and stacking change it	VERIFY	14

Quantity	Value / relation	Status	Ch
LEO/GEO	LEO commonly ≈400–1,200 km; GEO altitude ≈35,786 km; mission requirements determine orbit	REFERENCE	40
GPS relativity	Net satellite-clock offset is about +38 μs/day; uncorrected timing corresponds to roughly 10 km/day of position error	REFERENCE	40
Longitude timing	Earth rotates 15°/hour; 1 s of time error is about 463 m of longitude at the equator	REFERENCE	20
Fibre loss	Modern low-loss fibre is commonly ≈0.15–0.2 dB/km near 1550 nm; half power survives about 15–20 km	CONDITIONAL	41

G.7 Required Next Audit

Before this appendix becomes a laminated field card:

attach a primary or authoritative source to every reference value;
add source date, range, and uncertainty;
obtain professional sign-off for medical, toxicological, explosive, pressure, electrical, structural, nuclear, and aerospace entries;
replace VERIFY values with sourced, conditional statements or remove them;
state the exact edition/date for volatile prices and technology status;
run an independent link and numerical-consistency audit;
add a revision date and change-control owner.

Until then, use the linked chapter context and current specialist standards—not this card alone.